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4.1 Institutions, markets and development: Working Out of Poverty
One of the leading thinkers about the importance of institutions and rules to making markets work for development, Nobel laureate Professor Douglass North, has explained that societies evolve institutions to “reduce uncertainty by providing a structure to everyday life”. He argues that this is essential to organizing the productive division of labour and that “institutions affect the performance of the economy by their effect on the costs of exchange and production”. He also stresses that many of the rules guiding daily behaviour are informal and that effective institutions for governing markets are a blend of socially accepted norms and laws underpinned by shared values.

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Double Marginalization and the Point of Ideal Price Viability
Referencing my last post (Double Marginalization and the Decentralized Supply Chain, August 9, 2007) double marginalization “DM” is defined as the “exercise of market power at successive vertical layers in a supply chain.” The problem that arises as a result of DM is tied to an impetus to mark up the product’s price above marginal cost. The sequence of mark-ups “leads to a higher retail price and lower combined profit for the supply chain.” In short, DM drives the paradoxical outcome of higher buy prices with lower sell profits.

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