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Export Promotion Strategies for Manufactured Goods: New Approaches to Trade Development in Africa
It is well known that the gains from export of processed and manufactured goods are greater than those from exporting primary commodities largely because of the higher value added. Therefore most developing countries aim at supplementing the exportation of primary products with the export of manufactures, and eventually, like the Asian Tigers, concentrating on processed and manufactured exports.

Export Promotion Strategies for Primary Products: New Approaches to Trade Development in Africa
Many believe that agricultural exports can be made to once again contribute substantially to export earnings.

Export Promotion Policies in African Countries: New Approaches to Trade Development in Africa
Export promotion is a wide-ranging policy initiative that has many components and dimensions.

Export Subsidies by Developed Countries: Barriers to African External Trade
While advocates of liberalization in the economies of the developing countries have called for reduction in subsidies, the high levels of subsidies in developed countries have increased significantly especially in the OECD countries.

Export competition and export subsidies: Provisions of Agreement on Agriculture
Domestic support and export subsidy policies have been employed largely by developed economies to protect their agricultural sectors.

Domestic farm support programs in developed countries: Provisions of Agreement on Agriculture
A basic source of distortion in the world market for agricultural commodities and primary products has been the differential level of domestic support that developed and developing countries can give to the production of these commodities. This has tended to reduce the price competitiveness of developing countries.

Market access: Provisions of Agreement on Agriculture
An often-mentioned problem of developing countries’ agricultural export has been the lack of access to developed countries' markets, due to the institution of a myriad of import controls and other restrictions. This has largely undermined the growth prospects of developing countries whose development strategy relied on agricultural exports.

Provisions of Agreement on Agriculture
The long-term objective of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture is to establish a fair and market-oriented agriculture trading system. It is also aimed at initiating a reform process through the negotiation of commitments on support and protection and through the establishment of strengthened and more operationally effective GATT rules and disciplines.

Implications of the New Agreement for Africa’s Export Trade
Note that contracting parties of GATT 1947 wishing to become original members of the World Trade Organization are required to accept all 12 MTAs on goods incorporated into the Agreement, without exceptions or reservations.

Benefits of Regional Economic Integration
Regional economic communities are formed because of the expected benefits from them. An important feature of the higher levels of integration is free trade among members.

Forms of Regional Integration
We may identify five main types or forms of regional integration, classifying them by a rising degree of intensity.

II. How Can MicroFinance Succeed In Africa?
African microfinance is as diverse as the continent itself. An array of approaches have been used, ranging from traditional group-based systems, to specialised lending by banks and funded by international nongovernmental organisations (NGO) financial intermediaries. Consequently, examples of African microfinance offer an array of lessons of what works and doesn’t work. Drawing from these lessons, and those from non-African examples, OSCAL developed a Microfinance model based on four principles:

Other department of economics Related Articles

SEXUAL HARASSMENT – THE CAREER KILLER
Simply stated, you never in your career want to deal with the HR department on the receiving end of a disciplinary action. A very large percentage of disciplinary actions take by the HR department involve the following. - Quid pro quo Sexual Harassment - Hostile Work Environment - A combination of the above

Finance & Economics Books
Some free finance & economics books available - improve your financial IQ

Finance: More Than Number Crunchers
Finance: More Than Number Crunchers - When someone from the Financial department walks into a room of people from the sales and marketing departments, the conversation dies down and everyone waits for the killjoy to leave. But it doesn't have to be this way! In this article, you'll read about the common problem that businesses have – the idea that the Finance department just sits around to crunch numbers and suck all the fun out of the work place – and you'll read about a potential solution – three ideas that can turn the Finance department into success-generating business developers who empower the sales department to thrive.

Landing Pages – The Key to Turning Potential Customers into Paying Clients
How many of you have ever wandered around a department store looking for a simple but elusive item? How many times have you gone from one department to the next wishing someone would tell you exactly where to find what you’re looking for? As a customer this is a frustrating experience, and the store just might lose you as a customer. Here’s a question: When someone clicks on your banner or PPC ad, are they directed to your home page? If your answer is yes, then you may have many customers needlessly wandering around your department store, too.

HR Department Basic Functions
Even though there are many ways to structure an HR department, most of them generally look the same. They are typically made up of “generalists” or “specialists” or some combination thereof. Sometimes one generalist will oversee a group of specialists and sometimes the reverse is true depending on the needs of the organization and the available talent on hand. But in all, whether you have a formalized HR department or not, there are a few necessary skill sets that make up, and round out the overall practice.

Business strategy is to save resources - Outsource Accounting Function
Ideally accounting department is always a back office functioning department let it me in house or offshore. Building an in house accounting department could results in huge capital expenditure. A few of key investment drivers are space, equipments, manpower, time and technology. And same resources can be diverted to achieve the organizational goals and objectives, that is, allowing companies to focus on their core business - and save money.

Customer preception of waiting
This article shares the results of a study conducted at The School of Business and Economics at North Caroline AT&T University. The report focused on the customer's perception of delay before receiving services. A small group activity is included for the purpose of discussion of what your site/department/business can do to affect customer satisfaction.

WHY ISN'T UPPER MANAGEMENT FURIOUS about the 600# Gorilla in their living room named -- sales lead "Follow-up?"
The Marketing department gets sales leads to the Sales department faster... so nothing can be done with them sooner. WHY is that behavior tolerated? Or is the reason obvious?

One Economist to Rule Them All? Really? Do We Have To?
Last night on TV Ontario I participated in a roundtable discussion about economists’ culpability in the current financial mess, as well as about its potential for doing anything useful as we try to get out. On the one side, you had Ken Rogoff, arguing somewhat in favor of economics’ continuing credibility. On the other side you had Dan Ariely, arguing against orthodox economics, but in favor of its behavioral variant.

Preparing an Accurate Marketing Budget
Although every department is expected to prepare an annual budget, most do not understand the intrinsic value of effectively leveraging this management process. Take a step back from the budget and evaluate what your department will be expected to deliver this year. Next, identify which budget model will provide the most value to your department. Use Demand Metric’s downloadable Department Budget Template to help you prepare your annual budget.

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