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Policies to Facilitate a Virtuous Circle
There are only limited experiences of host countries that have succeeded in continuously attracting FDI while effectively moving-up the value chains through solid HRD and technology transfers.
Technology Transfer through Training Spillovers
HRD activities conducted by the MNEs have proven to be important for host developing countries since domestic firms are more likely to face training constraints due to market failure. MNE training is also important since it is most likely to bring in the advanced skills and technologies to which domestic firms otherwise have no access. One important channel through which this technology may transfer from MNEs to domestic firms is the so-called training spillovers.

Other development institutions Related Articles

IFC and Microfinance in Africa: Building Strong Commercial Institutions
The International Finance Corporation (IFC)-the private sector arm of the World Bank Group-has $4 billion invested in various kinds of financial institutions in 88 countries: including banks, leasing companies, credit rating agencies, and pension funds. IFC also has $256 million invested in 56 microfinance institutions in 38 countries, reaching more than 1.3 million clients. Institutions in Southern Europe, Central Asia, and Latin America currently comprise the lion's share of this portfolio, but Africa is a growing emphasis as well.

1.15 Building an employment agenda: Working Out of Poverty
Employment, and the promotion of enterprise that creates it, remains the most effective route to poverty eradication. The objective of full employment is essential – an issue on which the European Union has given political leadership. Most policy prescriptions, however, do not view job creation as an explicit objective of economic and social policies, but rather as a hopedfor result of sound macroeconomic policies. At the ILO, we believe that sound macroeconomic policies are essential for desired growth, but such growth must be employment-intensive to effectively reduce poverty. While the main challenge remains at the national level, development cooperation has a role to play. Donor countries and institutions, especially international financial institutions, should build this in as an integral part of their vision.
4.1 Institutions, markets and development: Working Out of Poverty
One of the leading thinkers about the importance of institutions and rules to making markets work for development, Nobel laureate Professor Douglass North, has explained that societies evolve institutions to “reduce uncertainty by providing a structure to everyday life”. He argues that this is essential to organizing the productive division of labour and that “institutions affect the performance of the economy by their effect on the costs of exchange and production”. He also stresses that many of the rules guiding daily behaviour are informal and that effective institutions for governing markets are a blend of socially accepted norms and laws underpinned by shared values.
Creating Effective Capacity Building Relationships
MicroStart's use of TSPs is an experiment in creating a new framework for capacity building. The original design sprang from the recognition that the standard CTA model in use throughout UNDP projects was not the best way to support the development of microfinance institutions.

Moving Forward: Developing Countries
There are many economic, social, and environmental challenges along the path to sustainable development, and there is no panacea to address them all. Rather, accelerated development will require progress in multiple policy areas, with the right policy mix and focus varying from country to country. Countries may also need to make difficult choices regarding trade-offs between competing policy objectives. Achieving more sustainable development will thus require a concerted effort from developing countries, the international community, and the international financial institutions.
VI. A. Macroeconomic Stability: WHAT DETERMINES STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA?
The previous section has provided enough evidence to make a convincing case that stock market development at least creates the enabling environment for a successful economic growth. The policy question, therefore, is what determines stock market development? The literature suggests that sound macroeconomic environment, well developed banking sector, transparent and accountable institutions, and shareholder protection are necessary preconditions for the efficient functioning of stock markets in Africa.
VI. C. Institutional Quality: WHAT DETERMINES STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA?
Institutional quality is important for stock market development because efficient and accountable institutions tend broaden appeal and confidence in equity investment.
7.5.4 The role of public sector training institutions: Institutional design and capacity building
Many believe that public sector training institutions are intrinsically unable to support the training needs of the poor and disadvantaged and that, for this reason, primary reliance should be placed on NGOs and other private sector training institutions.

Federal Executive Council (FEC) of Nigeria Approves $27.2m Loan from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) for Rural Microfinance
The Federal Executive Council (FEC) of Nigeria, presided over by President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, approved a USD 27.2 million loan from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), as reported by AllAfrica.com. The loan, along with a USD 400,000 grant from IFAD, will constitute the core financing of IFAD’s Rural Finance Institution-Building Programme (RFIBP), a seven-year plan to strengthen rural microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Nigeria as well as establish increased linkages between MFIs and mainstream financial institutions.

Tender Writing
Numerous organisations and institutions require various services and products that they may not have direct access so they need to acquire the services of other companies to provide these goods them. In order for these organisations and institutions to access the best services at the best price, service providers are required to present tenders outlining their services and their costs. Tender writing and proposal writing are therefore vital skills for companies who wish to provide services and products to other organisations and institutions.

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