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Enhancing Africa’s Trade: From Marginalization to an Export-Led Approach to Development
This paper reviews Africa’s role in the global trading system and discusses the constraints and options for Africa to move from its current marginalization to an exportled approach to economic development.

Other domestic economic policy Related Articles

9.3 Micro-finance institutions (MFIs): Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Micro-finance operators in Tanzania function within the framework of the Government’s National Micro Finance Policy of 2000. The objectives of this policy are to provide the basis for the evolution of an efficient and effective micro-finance system to serve the low segment of society and contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction (as described in MIT, 2002). The policy establishes a framework within which micro-finance operators will develop, lays out the principles to guide operations of the system, defines roles and responsibilities of actors, and provides guidelines for coordinating mechanisms. The Central Bank was given the mandate to coordinate implementation of the policy. It is interesting to note that the Micro Finance Policy includes “gender equity” as a best practice.
5.1 Determinants of diversification in Africa: Economic Report on Africa 2007
Diversification and policy variables constitute a two-way process in that diversification not only influences policy outcomes, but is itself influenced by policy variables. This proposition naturally leads to the search for those economic and non-economic policy actions that are likely to affect the level and rate of diversification in a country. What evidence is there that links economic and non-economic variables with national capacity to diversify?
1.3 Towards a fair globalization: Working Out of Poverty
In recent decades, governments and international institutions focused on opening international and domestic markets to increased competition. The powerful new force of information and communication technology (ICT) was released. Globalization, as it became known, was changing the policy landscape and distribution of power and gains.
Conclusions - Promoting Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Learning What Works
Both domestic and external factors contributed to sub-Saharan Africa's poor overall economic performance in the 1980s and early 1990s. Key constraints to growth included inappropriate economic policies, inadequate human capital development, and low levels of private investment. But for the first time in a generation, there is evidence of economic progress in an increasing number of countries in the region.

Technology Transfer through Training Spillovers
HRD activities conducted by the MNEs have proven to be important for host developing countries since domestic firms are more likely to face training constraints due to market failure. MNE training is also important since it is most likely to bring in the advanced skills and technologies to which domestic firms otherwise have no access. One important channel through which this technology may transfer from MNEs to domestic firms is the so-called training spillovers.
HRD Policies to Promote Training and Spillovers
The above assessment of selected past empirical evidence suggests that firms, in spite of large productivity gains, underinvest in training due to market failures such as credit market constraints, lack of information and labour turnovers. The underinvestment is even more acute among small- and medium-sized domestic firms that tend to have higher productivity gains from training compared to MNEs or large domestic firms. It has also shown that MNEs have numerous channels to improve HRD in host developing countries by training their own workers and facilitating training spillovers. This calls for policy measures to tackle market failures in training and to stimulate training spillovers, especially among domestic small- and medium-sized firms.
Moving Forward: Developing Countries
There are many economic, social, and environmental challenges along the path to sustainable development, and there is no panacea to address them all. Rather, accelerated development will require progress in multiple policy areas, with the right policy mix and focus varying from country to country. Countries may also need to make difficult choices regarding trade-offs between competing policy objectives. Achieving more sustainable development will thus require a concerted effort from developing countries, the international community, and the international financial institutions.
Reader Question: Is a strong small business sector important to the stability and growth of a nation’s economy?
In a word yes! And the critical role that public sector (government) policy plays in terms of being the primary link between successful domestic engagement and effective international cluster development cannot be underestimated.

Does the Present Buy American AccordBy-Pass Popular Opinion Relative to Protectionism
In the October 1st, 2009 Procurement Insights post titled “Buy American Policy: Economic Imperative or Popular Opinion,” I provided an excerpt from my interview with Canada’s Trade Minister Stockwell Day regarding the basis for the Buy American policy. It was of course the Minister’s expressed belief that popular American opinion surrounding protectionism was the basis for Congressional support of the conditions associated with the stimulus bill that would block Canadian firms from accessing the US government market, versus the existence of legitimate economic imperatives. In short, the U.S. Congress was yielding to public sentiments.
Insurance Defense Costs
Does Your Business Insurance Policy Cover Defense Costs Within the Insurance Limit or Defense Costs Outside of the Insurance Limit? Did you know that a liability policy, which is part of any typical business insurance policy or commercial insurance policy coverage, has two distinct obligations? A liability insurance policy, if it is a general liability, product liability or professional liability insurance policy is designed to protect you against your legal obligation to pay others because you have hurt them and/or have damaged their property. A policy also defends you against claims or lawsuits. In other words, besides paying for claims or suits, a liability policy also pays for their related legal costs and court fees.
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