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4.0 Gender differences in constraints and opportunities: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa, 2007

Do women and men entrepreneurs face different constraints in managing their businesses?

2.0 Gender in African economies: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa, 2007

The study Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? made the argument that Africa has enormous unexploited potential, especially the potential of women. Specifically, it pointed out that women comprise one of Africa’s hidden growth reserves, providing most of the region’s labor, but their productivity is hampered by widespread inequality in education as well as unequal access to land and productive inputs.

6.3 Limitations of Enterprise Survey data for gender analysis: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa 2007

Although the Enterprise Survey data are without doubt a rich source of information about enterprises, their activity, and their constraints, they have important limitations for investigating entrepreneurship disaggregated by sex

1.0 Overview: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa, 2007

An appreciation of gender issues is important when considering strategies to improve Africa’s competitiveness in the world and ways to promote private-sector development.There are three main reasons why gender matters.

7.0 Conclusions: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa 2007

This chapter shows that both men and women are active as entrepreneurs in Africa, and their enterprises share many common characteristics.

6.0 The broader context: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa, 2007

Although the focus on formal sector entrepreneurs sheds light on a particular, if small, facet of entrepreneurial activity, it is important to bear in mind both the wider context in which such activity occurs in Africa and the limitations of available data in interpreting these results.

6.1 The informal sector: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa 2007

Entrepreneurs—male or female—constitute a very small percentage of the population, according to household survey data. Almost everywhere, less than 1 percent of all women of working age (15 to 65 years old) are “employers”—that is, women who own a business in which they employ hired labor.

5.0 How is the performance of businesses affected?: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa, 2007

The analysis of constraints developed in the previous section indicates that, although there are cases in which women are more likely to identify certain obstacles as “major” or “very severe,” men’s and women’s perceptions tend to be in agreement more often than we might have expected.

6.2 Legal and regulatory constraints: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa 2007

Many African countries are characterized by the coexistence of dual or multiple legal systems, which lead to greater insecurity of women’s legal status, compared with men.

3.0 Characteristics of men’s and women’s enterprises: Gender Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Africa, 2007

Enterprise Surveys allow us to identify certain characteristics of a business, such as the sector in which it operates, the size of the enterprise, the number of years it has been in operation, whether it is an individual or family enterprise, and, in many cases, the sex of the business owner. This chapter examines some of these characteristics differentiated by the sex of the business owner.

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