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CONCLUSION: HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The literature on human capital formation and FDI provides tentative answers to the five questions posed in the introduction of this paper.
Policies to Facilitate a Virtuous Circle
There are only limited experiences of host countries that have succeeded in continuously attracting FDI while effectively moving-up the value chains through solid HRD and technology transfers.
THE VIRTUOUS CIRCLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION, INWARD FDI, AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS
The past two sections described how host developing countries attract MNEs. It is found that while basic education for all adults is the key starting point, a demand driven HRD at a higher level is necessary to attract higher value-added MNEs including those in the recently growing services sector.
HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION BY MNES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS
The previous section examined the role of host countries in attracting inward FDI and found that efforts to develop an attractive investment climate supported by sound policy reforms in HRD would help open doors to inward FDI. This section focuses on what host countries can do next to mobilise these MNEs to strengthen HRD further.
Policies to Develop Human Resources
Now that the importance of human capital in attracting FDI is understood, the next question is: what are the past HRD policy experiences of host developing countries that have strived to attract inward FDI? This section focuses on formal education policies to attract FDI. While vocational training policies also help improve human resources of host developing countries, they are likely to be more important after some influx of FDI into the economy.
Questions Posed: HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The following lists key policy questions on HRD and FDI to be tackled throughout the paper. All the questions will be reviewed and assessed in the concluding chapter.
Introduction: HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Human resource development (HRD) and foreign direct investment (FDI) are among the key drivers of growth in developed and developing countries.
Summary: HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
This paper synthesises the existing literature on human capital formation and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries.
Preface: HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The main theme for the programme of work 2001-2002 at the Development Centre was Globalisation and Governance. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are a key actor of globalisation and also raise numerous governance issues. Accordingly, their role in poor countries has always interested the development community

Other host countries Related Articles

Market access: Provisions of Agreement on Agriculture
An often-mentioned problem of developing countries’ agricultural export has been the lack of access to developed countries' markets, due to the institution of a myriad of import controls and other restrictions. This has largely undermined the growth prospects of developing countries whose development strategy relied on agricultural exports.
Export Subsidies by Developed Countries: Barriers to African External Trade
While advocates of liberalization in the economies of the developing countries have called for reduction in subsidies, the high levels of subsidies in developed countries have increased significantly especially in the OECD countries.
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND ATTRACTING INWARD FDI
One of the characteristics of rich industrial economies is the availability of a workforce with a high level of human capital. Whether human capital has been the key driver of economic prosperity or vice-versa is still a matter of debate. Nevertheless, long time series trends in educational attainment and economic growth during the last century indicate that HRD and economic prosperity went hand in hand10. Some developing countries followed similar trends in human capital and economic growth. What was distinctive about these developing countries is that they appeared to have realised large economic benefits in attracting MNEs into host economies, and have thus mobilised inward FDI to attain rapid economic growth.
Policies to Develop Human Resources
Now that the importance of human capital in attracting FDI is understood, the next question is: what are the past HRD policy experiences of host developing countries that have strived to attract inward FDI? This section focuses on formal education policies to attract FDI. While vocational training policies also help improve human resources of host developing countries, they are likely to be more important after some influx of FDI into the economy.
Attracting Service Sector MNEs
As shown in section II.2, services sector FDI has been a growing area in the past 15 years. Since the service sector FDI, in general, involves high value-added MNEs that possess knowledge and technology, host developing countries may want to mobilise their human resources so as to attract these types of MNEs. While not all servicesrelated MNEs require high-skilled workers, some of the growing services-related MNEs do actually require a high-skilled workforce. They include MNEs operating in the area of financial services, information technology, telecommunication, pharmaceutical, medical, as well as firms that locate regional headquarters in the host country.
HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION BY MNES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS
The previous section examined the role of host countries in attracting inward FDI and found that efforts to develop an attractive investment climate supported by sound policy reforms in HRD would help open doors to inward FDI. This section focuses on what host countries can do next to mobilise these MNEs to strengthen HRD further.
Human Capital Formation by MNEs: Supporting Formal Education
While training is no doubt the major source of HRD activities undertaken by the MNEs, they can also contribute to the HRD of host developing countries by mobilising formal education. One of the MNEs that has invested substantially in formal education is Intel. They have invested in curriculum, educational equipment, infrastructure and technical support to almost all countries where they have production facilities, including Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, China, Malaysia, South Korea, India, Russia, Poland, Ireland and South Africa.
THE VIRTUOUS CIRCLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION, INWARD FDI, AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS
The past two sections described how host developing countries attract MNEs. It is found that while basic education for all adults is the key starting point, a demand driven HRD at a higher level is necessary to attract higher value-added MNEs including those in the recently growing services sector.
Policies to Facilitate a Virtuous Circle
There are only limited experiences of host countries that have succeeded in continuously attracting FDI while effectively moving-up the value chains through solid HRD and technology transfers.
Preface - E-COMMERCE FOR DEVELOPMENT: PROSPECTS AND POLICY ISSUES
The OECD has been a pioneer in addressing the challenges and opportunities of electronic commerce and the digital economy in the industrialised countries. It is natural then that the Development Centre should assess the scope for e-commerce in developing countries. But like the sailors in the strait of Messina, the research should avoid at once the scylla of technological pessimism — seeing an inevitably widening “digital divide” between industrialised and developing countries — and the charybdis of exaggerated claims about the Internet’s potential to resolve a host of development problems that have heretofore proved intractable.
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