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4.1.2 Enterprises with growth potential: The demand for training
Most training strategies in the informal sector have targeted manufacturing microenterprises that are considered to have some growth potential. However, even within this relatively better-off segment of the informal sector, the effective demand for training has frequently been found to be quite limited.

5.14 Partnerships: Working Out of Poverty
Identification of opportunities for partnerships between the ILO and its constituents.

5.11 Rights and labour law reform: Working Out of Poverty
Development of a programme to eradicate child labour and the linkages to improved access to schools. Data on child labour require a special approach, given that it is often hidden.

5.7 The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper process: Working Out of Poverty
The ILO experience

4.2 Rights at work and development: Working Out of Poverty
A successful strategy for strengthening the governance of labour markets must recognize that they are different from other markets because they concern people. We all live in societies in which social status and self-esteem are strongly tied to both occupation and income.

3.2 Investing in jobs and the community: Working Out of Poverty

Spending on infrastructure represents about 20 per cent of total investment in developing countries, and from 40 to 60 per cent of public investment, according to the World Bank. A reorientation of policies on infrastructure investment to ensure that technically viable and cost-effective employment-intensive options are used speeds the reduction of poverty by generating productive and decent employment. The challenge is to develop the appropriate mix of capital- and employment-intensive investment techniques according to each country’s needs and resources.

2.2 Wasting opportunities: Working Out of Poverty
Youth unemployment

2.1 The cruel dilemma of school or work: Working Out of Poverty

The education and preparation for working life of the current generation of children are of key importance to the drive to reduce and eradicate extreme poverty. Access to basic education has improved in a large number of countries, but the poor have benefited much less than those who are better off. Over 115 million school-age children, mainly in low-income countries, were not in school in 1999; 56 per cent of them were girls. On current trends, a large number of South and West Asian and African countries are unlikely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of ensuring that all children complete a full course of primary education by 2015.

1.20 Building together: Working Out of Poverty
Attacking poverty and promoting social integration are not the job of any one country or organization acting alone. They form the inescapable common agenda for today’s world.

1.14 Our common challenge: Working Out of Poverty

Poverty is not just a problem of the poor. It is a challenge for all defenders of social justice and all seekers of sustainable growth. The goal of a stable and prosperous world economy is only possible if the productivity and consumer power of all its citizens are realized. A successful drive to raise the consuming power of the majority of the world’s population, particularly those on the lowest incomes, is fundamental to the broadening and deepening of markets – the lifeline of enterprise and growth. Only when the poor become real consumers will the economy become truly global.

1.13 Working safely out of poverty: Working Out of Poverty

The poorest workers are the least protected. More often than not, prevention of occupational accidents and diseases is missing from the agenda where they work. Hazardous work takes its toll on the health of workers and on productivity. It is unacceptable that the poor must be resigned to facing disproportionate risks to their safety and health because they are poor. South Asian countries are tackling hazards to workers, communities and the environment in the ship-breaking industry, and the ILO is working with them and other international partners to do so. We are showing that improvements can be made in working conditions and the environment in micro and small informal enterprises by low-cost investments that also raise productivity.

1.12 Ensuring incomes and basic social security: Working Out of Poverty
The Declaration of Philadelphia and a number of international labour standards recognize access to an adequate level of social protection as a basic right for all.

1.11 Working to end child labour: Working Out of Poverty
Child labour is both a cause and a symptom of poverty. In its worst forms, it robs children of their health, their education and even their lives.

1.10 Overcoming discrimination: Working Out of Poverty
Discrimination is a basis for social exclusion and poverty.

1.9 Building local development through cooperatives: Working Out of Poverty
Participation and inclusion are central to a new approach to poverty reduction.

1.8 Making money work for poverty reduction: Working Out of Poverty

It is impossible to build an enterprise without access to credit. Poor people all over the world have little access to formal financial services. Microfinance activities go hand in hand with entrepreneurship, enabling the poor to borrow for productive purposes, save and build their assets. The ILO has advised central banks on the design of laws and regulations for povertyoriented banks. This has been instrumental in creating an enabling environment for pro-poor banks to emerge and prosper, particularly in Africa.

1.7 Promoting entrepreneurship: Working Out of Poverty
The tools developed by the ILO to promote micro and small enterprises can be targeted to meet the needs of the poorest.

1.6 Investing in jobs and the community: Working Out of Poverty
The ILO has invested 25 years of pioneering work in the field of employment-intensive infrastructure programmes. It has been successful. It is now widely recognized that these programmes are effective in bringing much needed income to poor families and their communities. These efforts create between three and five times as much employment for the same level of investment.

1.5 Skills development for sustainable livelihoods: Working Out of Poverty

We all know skills are essential to improve productivity, incomes and access to employment opportunities. Yet a striking feature of most poverty reduction strategies is the absence of vocational education and training – even though the vast majority of working people living in poverty cannot afford and have no access to training opportunities. The ILO is working with its constituents and others to rethink human resource development policies.

1.4 Our experience: Working Out of Poverty

Decent work is a powerful tool in selecting the path to the attainment of the interrelated goals and human development outcomes of the Millennium Declaration. The ILO’s four strategic objectives are a contemporary formulation of its mandate and a development strategy that responds to the most urgent demands of families today. Decent work unites the international drive to wipe out poverty with the fundamental right to work in freedom. Within each of the strategic objectives, there are tools to help eliminate poverty.

15.0 The state of research on women in MSES in Tanzania: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
There is more available research on women entrepreneurs in Tanzania than in Ethiopia and Kenya. One of the major reasons for this is the presence of the Entrepreneurship Centre at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDEC).

15.0 The state of research on women in MSES in Tanzania: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
There is more available research on women entrepreneurs in Tanzania than in Ethiopia and Kenya. One of the major reasons for this is the presence of the Entrepreneurship Centre at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDEC).

14.2 Recommended actions – women entrepreneurs’ associations: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
(i) Build capacity of women entrepreneurs’ associations through ILO’s WEDGETanzania project

14.2 Recommended actions – women entrepreneurs’ associations: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
(i) Build capacity of women entrepreneurs’ associations through ILO’s WEDGETanzania project

13.0 Business environment issues: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005

The Tanzanian government is in the early stages of reviewing the regulatory and operating environment for its SMEs. According to the UDEC report (2002), most existing business policies and regulations were set up with large businesses in mind and are inappropriate for smaller enterprises. It also reported that existing policies are either gender blind or gender insensitive and thus fail to support women entrepreneurs in growth sectors.

10.0 Training – business management and technical skills: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Findings from research on women entrepreneurs in Tanzania and interviews with key informants indicate that women tend to have low levels of business and technical skills, and often do not value the importance of business training.

9.2 Barriers to financing women entrepreneurs: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Although women entrepreneurs have consistently proven to be good credit risks (as a result of good repayment histories), limited access to credit for both new and growing women-owned firms is confirmed by researchers and key informants as a major constraint.

4.2 The profile of growth-oriented women: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Since recent statistics disaggregated by sex are not available, it is not possible to estimate how many women among informal economy enterprises and SMEs are operating growth firms, or how many of them have medium-sized enterprises.

1.2 Mission Objectives: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
The mission objectives for Tanzania were to: • review recent ILO and other relevant research on women in enterprise in Tanzania;

1.1 Background and Introduction: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
The International Labour Organization (ILO) entered into a general agreement with the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) in 2003 to implement a Women’s Entrepreneurship Development and Gender Equality (WEDGE) Programme1 in Tanzania.

Wanted: jobs for Africa’s youth - Public Works

In many countries, immediate, short-term solutions are needed to quickly ease the burden of unemployment. Public works programmes are a popular option. South Africa, which commits more than $800 mn to public works, has one of the best programmes on the continent, reports the ILO. In terms of technical design standards and the quality of completed physical infrastructure, the country’s public works programme “was regarded as surpassing anything that the ILO members of an evaluation team had encountered in more than 30 developing countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific,” notes the ILO.

Wanted: jobs for Africa’s youth - Broadening consultation
At the PRSP review in Cairo, Tanzania’s anti-poverty programme was commended for containing some measurable goals, specific targets and time periods by which job plans would be carried out.


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