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Human Capital Formation by MNEs and Domestic Firms: Determinants of Enterprise Training
It is a general understanding that firms in general underinvest in training in both developing and developed countries (Batra and Tan, 2002; OECD, 2003; OECD, forthcoming).
I. WHAT CAN MICROFINANCE DO FOR AFRICA?
When properly harnessed, microfinance offers a variety of benefits to the African people. Foremost, microfinance initiatives can effectively address material poverty, the physical deprivation of goods, services, and the income to attain them. When properly guided, the material benefits of microfinancing can extend beyond the household into the community. At the personal level, microfinance can effectively address issues associated with “non-material poverty, which includes social and psychological effects that prevent people from realizing their potential.

Other industrialised economies Related Articles

Wanted: jobs for Africa’s youth - Diversification
The Youth Employment Network, an alliance of countries initiated by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in collaboration with the heads of the ILO and World Bank, recommends that governments diversify their economies and promote sectors that use a lot of workers. Many African economies still rely on the production of one or two primary commodities. They could diversify into processing these commodities or producing light manufactures, as Mauritius has successfully done.
4.0 Diversification trends in Africa: Economic Report on Africa 2007
The diversification of African economies is one way through which the recent economic growth achievements could be sustained. Africa’s economic transformation can be achieved through both horizontal and vertical diversification. In addition, such diversification will help to build competitive economies that can productively be integrated into the global economy. Diversification is therefore a pre-condition if Africa is to register accelerated development. The scaling-up of current real growth to desired levels and in a broad manner can also be sustained if there is deepening in the diversification of African economies.
4.1 Case studies on export diversification for selected African countries: Economic Report on Africa 2007
So far, diversification trends in relation to African economies indicate that different countries have achieved varying results. The overall conclusion is that, in general, African economies have failed to make gains beyond their initial positions in the early 1980s. It has also been pointed out that they reacted defensively to the crises that beset them in the 1980s. Their macroeconomic stabilization policies did not create an environment conducive for dynamic response, as a good number of countries in Asia and Latin America were able to do. Their defensive response as seen in the oil factor, perpetuated the status quo and worsened it in some instances. Earlier gains in such countries as Gabon, Nigeria and Sudan were eroded.
5.1 The development model should determine the optimal trade policy: Economic Report on Africa 2007
The two-stage diversification process from economic history has been registered both in open and closed economies. The difference between the two is that the turning point after reasonable and sustainable development has been achieved occurs at a much earlier point for open economies compared to the case for closed economies.
Preface - E-COMMERCE FOR DEVELOPMENT: PROSPECTS AND POLICY ISSUES
The OECD has been a pioneer in addressing the challenges and opportunities of electronic commerce and the digital economy in the industrialised countries. It is natural then that the Development Centre should assess the scope for e-commerce in developing countries. But like the sailors in the strait of Messina, the research should avoid at once the scylla of technological pessimism — seeing an inevitably widening “digital divide” between industrialised and developing countries — and the charybdis of exaggerated claims about the Internet’s potential to resolve a host of development problems that have heretofore proved intractable.
Quote: Taking African products where there’s no bias
While more established economies begin to focus on the revenue potential of emerging economies, many of those emerging economies are also seeing the benefits of selling to each other.
Public Sector Procurement Practice and the Principles of External Economies, Clustering and the Global Value Chain
Can the public sector effectively apply the principles of External Economies to its procurement practice? “External economies of scale (ES) occur outside of a firm, within an industry. Thus, when an industry’s scope of operations expands due to, for example, the creation of a better transportation network, resulting in a subsequent decrease in costs for a company working within that industry, external economies of scale are said to have been achieved. With external ES, all firms within the industry will benefit.” (What Are Economies of Scale? By Reem Heakal, January 2003)

IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS ON CREDIT AVAILABILITY FOR SMEs WORLD WIDE
With a view at the global economic slowdown, it became apparent that economies in all regions of the world have significantly begun to lose momentum. In October and November 2008 extensive surveys have been undertaken as well in industrialised and in less developed Countries on the impact of the financial crisis on credit policy by lending banks and the wider impact on the near future of SME business, exports, investments and development. As a general result of such surveys approximately one third of the SME entrepreneurs briefed, stated that they are currently experiencing a tightening of credit policy by their banks (extreme restrictions have been decided e.g. in Iceland and in Central-and East- European Countries.

Millennium Development Goals need sound SMEs = More Jobs = Less Poverty
Due to the global economic crisis more than 60 million more people, among them millions of small- and micro entrepreneurs, primarily in the less developed countries will be in poverty in this year 2010.Many of the achievements in recent years made to facilitate business of SMEs in the world, to reduce poverty in less privileged economies have seriously been jeopardised by shrinking demand for SMEs export products, increasing prices for energy and food, falling commodity prices, significant reductions in foreign investment and a general liquidity shortage. The strong interdependence among the worlds' economies made this a literally global economic crisis and human tragedy.
WUSME: Towards a new strategy for crises prevention and to create more SMEs and jobs
Many of the achievements in recent years made to facilitate business of SMEs in the world, to reduce poverty in less privileged economies have seriously been jeopardised by shrinking demand for SMEs export products, increasing prices for energy and food, falling commodity prices, significant reductions in foreign investment and a general liquidity shortage. The strong interdependence among the worlds’ economies made this a literally global economic crisis and human tragedy.

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