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7.4.1 Governance and organisation
Once again, little or no systematic research has been undertaken on the governance and organisational arrangements of national training systems in developing countries. In particular, little is known about recent attempts that have been made to improve the level of representation and thus the power and influence of the poor in governance structures and with what results. Similarly, virtually nothing is known about specific organisational changes that have been made in an attempt to ensure that the special training needs of the poor are adequately catered for.

The Skills Development Strategy in South Africa
The recently introduced Skills Development Strategy in South Africa seeks to cater for the training needs of both the formal and informal sectors.
4.1.1 Survival enterprises: The demand for training
In simple numerical terms, 'survival' enterprises predominate in most informal sectors. The general view is that the skill requirements for most tasks undertaken in this type of enterprise are minimal and/or are relatively easily acquired on the job.

4.1 The potential for training interventions: The demand for training
As is well known, the supply of training does not usually create its own demand. Clearly, therefore, training provision for the poor has been powerfully shaped by the nature of the demand for training among targeted groups, in particular in the informal sector. Lack of effective demand is a key reason for both the limited training provision for the poor (and hence outputs and impacts) in most countries as well as the overall failure of national training systems to reorient their activities in support of the poor.

3.1.3 Market-driven training reforms: Training priorities, resources and reorientation
During the 1990s, the World Bank has taken the lead in promoting the benefits of pro-market reforms for VET.
EVSE target groups: Learning to change
Poverty is the inability to maintain a minimal standard of living. It consists of two elements. The first is the expenditure necessary to buy a minimal standard of nutrition while the second element varies from country to country and reflects specific national normative concepts of welfare. As societies become wealthier, perceptions of the acceptable minimum level of consumption also change. Consequently, poverty is a context-specific concept and, as such, is very much a moving target (See DANIDA,1996).

Other informal sectors Related Articles

Ending poverty means abandoning charity and accepting reality
Benin Mwangi, who blogs about doing business in Africa, asked me recently: "should the discussion be about how to get the informal sector to become part of the formal sector or should it be how to cater to the informal sector?" This in an excursion into the morass of African poverty and development. The short answer is: neither; ending poverty has nothing to do with the informal sector.

4.0 The state of women’s enterprises in Tanzania: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Currently, there is no comprehensive data on the number of women in the MSME sector, the size of their enterprises, or their distribution by sector. Only proxies are available. In NISS (1991) women accounted for about 35 per cent of informal enterprises. By 1995, it was estimated that the proportion of women in the sector could have risen to 70 per cent of the informal sector labour force. In a 2000 Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) study, 55 per cent of the enterprises in the sample were owned by women (as reported in Mlingi, 2000, p. 89). Swisscontact (2003) estimated that women owned 43 per cent of MSEs.
4.1 The situation of women in MSMEs: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Key informants confirmed findings from the literature – that women are predominantly found in informal, micro level, and low-growth sectors, and encounter high competition while earning subsistence incomes. Seriously encumbered by their low levels of education, women are unable to find employment in the formal, private sector, and are the first to lose their jobs in retrenchment exercises. Of necessity, they are driven into entrepreneurial activities.
10.2 Pre-start-up training: Support for Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, 2005
Data from a 1997-98 training needs assessment of informal sector operators found that over 75 per cent of informal sector operators had primary education, while only seven per cent had attended vocational training courses. Most had acquired their skills in a variety of trades through apprenticeships or directly from their peers, but were unaware of the theoretical aspects (reported in Mlingi, 2000, p. 81). Only 5.3 per cent of the MSEs in the Swisscontact (2003) study had received any entrepreneurship training, and even fewer in new product technologies or costing and pricing. This suggests that most MSEs are “learning through trial and error” or from the practical know-how of other operators.
2.3 Looking for Financial Sustainability: Microfinance in Africa - Experience and Lessons from Selected African Countries
The technologies described above, based on the formalization of informal techniques and on group-based instruments, have been used to promote financial sustainability of MFIs. They have the advantage of addressing a number of problems faced by financial institutions when operating with the poor or with the informal sector, for example, asymmetry of information, lack of collateral, and difficult enforcement of legal rights.
IV Module I Key Principles for an African Model of Microfinance
African microfinance is as diverse as the continent itself. An array of approaches have been used, ranging from traditional kinship networks and Revolving Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) to NGOs and development projects, and funded by both the informal and formal financial sectors, as well as domestic and international and donors. Consequently, examples of African microfinance offer an array of lessons of what works and doesn't work.
4.1.1 Survival enterprises: The demand for training
In simple numerical terms, 'survival' enterprises predominate in most informal sectors. The general view is that the skill requirements for most tasks undertaken in this type of enterprise are minimal and/or are relatively easily acquired on the job.

4.1.2 Enterprises with growth potential: The demand for training
Most training strategies in the informal sector have targeted manufacturing microenterprises that are considered to have some growth potential. However, even within this relatively better-off segment of the informal sector, the effective demand for training has frequently been found to be quite limited.
The Skills Development Strategy in South Africa
The recently introduced Skills Development Strategy in South Africa seeks to cater for the training needs of both the formal and informal sectors.
Key drivers for the beauty and wellness Franchise Business
In this era, when beauty, wellness and healthcare have gained a universal appeal in urban India, franchising offers huge business opportunities to these sectors. In a recently held event, in Mumbai, experts from these fields shared their views on the rising trends of franchising in beauty, wellness and health sectors.
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