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Secret Reserves
It has been defined as "any reserve which is not apparent on the face of the balance sheet". It is sometimes called "hidden reserve", or 'internal reserve' or 'inner reserve.' This reserve represents the surplus of assets over liabilities and capital. It does not appear in the ledger. The creation of secret reserves strengthens the financial position of the concern. Its financial position would be better than what it would appear on the face of the balance sheet. Secret reserve is created usually by joint stock companies especially banking, insurance and financial concerns.

Distinction between provisions and reserves
The differences between reserves and provisions are outlined in this article.
Nature of ReservesFunds or Provisions
A trader considers it to be prudent to reduce intentionally, the amount available for distribution as profit and to set aside the amount thus, saved for some worthwhile business purpose. should be noted in this connection:
Revenue
According to Paton and Littleon, "Revenue is the product of the entity which refers to the goods and services created during a specific time span by an enterprise."
Non Profit Organization Accounting
Its aim may not be profit-making, yet it cannot avoid account keeping. It must maintain proper accounts of its receipts, payments, incomes and expenses, because those who have donated money to such institution must know that their money is being used properly and fruitfully. So, profit or no profit accounting is a must. Its sole object is to do good to the society or members through welfare activities. Such institutions are clubs, societies, schools, colleges, hospitals and libraries etc.
Single Entry Bookkeeping Accounting System
Under the double entry system of book-keeping, both aspects of every transaction are recorded, i.e. one on the debit side and the other on the credit side. Under the single entry system of bookkeeping, both aspects of every transaction are not recorded in the books of accounts. Under this system, the personal accounts of the debtors and creditors are maintained.
Adjustments of Final Accounts
The object of preparing final accounts is to find out the profits earned or losses suffered during a particular accounting period and to present the true picture of final position of the firm. While drawing the final accounts we have taken only those items of income and expenditure that are both earned and received and incurred and paid respectively.
Preparation of Profit and Loss Account
As already stated profit and loss account is commenced with gross profit or gross loss as ascertained by trading account. Then the profit and loss account is debited with all indirect expenses and losses. This results in closing of indirect expenses and losses account. The profit and loss account is then credited with various incomes and gains accounts by which all these accounts are closed.
Trading and Profit and Loss Account
It is the summary of such accounts which effect the profit or loss of the concern. These are prepared by transferring from the trial balance all nominal accounts and accounts relating to goods by means of journal entries called 'closing entries'. All remaining accounts i.e. real and personal, relating to properties, assets, debtors and creditors are shown in the balance sheet. In order to know the overall picture of the effect of these accounts they are grouped at one place. Items' increasing profit (revenue) are put on one side (credit) and those decreasing profits (losses and expenses) un the other side (debit). The balance is either net profit or net loss. This income statement is normally divided into two parts - first part is called trading account.
Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account
While introducing the subject of accounting to the readers previously it was stated that one of the main objectives of financial accounting is to provide information about the profits earned or loss suffered by the business during a particular period.
Rectification Of Accounting Errors
Every businessman is interested in finding out the true profit and correct financial position of his business at the close of the trading period. The effort of the accountant is to prepare the final accounts in such a fashion which exhibits true picture of the business. Accounts are considered to be authentic proof of true financial position of a concern. But in spite of best efforts there are certain transactions which are omitted to be recorded or entered wrongly in the books. Such errors affect the final accounts. An accountant should, therefore, try to locate such errors and rectify them before the preparation of final accounts.
Websites, domains and UK tax
UK tax and accounting rules are very sketchy in the area of domain names and website costs. This article gives you insight into how to get the tax deduction for your costs.

Other profit and loss account Related Articles

Impress your bank manager! How to read your profit & loss account report
If you are relatively new to the business arena, you’re probably not too good at reading financial statements. But for someone who is planning to start a small business, it is crucial to learn how to read financial statements and understand what they mean. Today, we are going to discuss one type of financial statement called the profit and loss statement. A profit and loss statement is a summary of your income and expenses over a certain period of time, usually a quarter or a year. The profit and loss statement is important because it helps you to understand the profitability or financial condition of your company over that certain period of time.
Understanding the Bottom Line
What’s there to understand? The bottom line is the last line on the Profit & Loss (P&L) statement and it is either a profit or a loss. That’s all you need to know, isn’t it? Yes, it is important to know whether you are making a profit or losing money, but understanding how financial statements work is knowing the nature of each account and how it fits into the scheme of things. This article provides a broader understanding of the bottom line.

Trading and Profit and Loss Account
It is the summary of such accounts which effect the profit or loss of the concern. These are prepared by transferring from the trial balance all nominal accounts and accounts relating to goods by means of journal entries called 'closing entries'. All remaining accounts i.e. real and personal, relating to properties, assets, debtors and creditors are shown in the balance sheet. In order to know the overall picture of the effect of these accounts they are grouped at one place. Items' increasing profit (revenue) are put on one side (credit) and those decreasing profits (losses and expenses) un the other side (debit). The balance is either net profit or net loss. This income statement is normally divided into two parts - first part is called trading account.
Preparation of Profit and Loss Account
As already stated profit and loss account is commenced with gross profit or gross loss as ascertained by trading account. Then the profit and loss account is debited with all indirect expenses and losses. This results in closing of indirect expenses and losses account. The profit and loss account is then credited with various incomes and gains accounts by which all these accounts are closed.
Non Profit Organization Accounting
Its aim may not be profit-making, yet it cannot avoid account keeping. It must maintain proper accounts of its receipts, payments, incomes and expenses, because those who have donated money to such institution must know that their money is being used properly and fruitfully. So, profit or no profit accounting is a must. Its sole object is to do good to the society or members through welfare activities. Such institutions are clubs, societies, schools, colleges, hospitals and libraries etc.
Capital and Revenue
One of the objects of accounting is to determine whether the business has earned profit or it has suffered loss. For this purpose, profit and loss account is prepared. Total expenditure incurred by the business is divided in two categories: One portion is charged against revenue while the other is shown in the balance sheet as asset. The former is known as revenue expenditure and the latter as capital expenditure. While preparing the final accounts, all revenue items are included in the revenue account i.e., manufacturing, trading and profit and loss account and all capital items in the balance sheet. Any error committed in distinguishing between 'Capital' and 'Revenue' will affect the ascertainment of profit.

Handling Loss – Five Steps To Help Yourself & Others
People often tell me that they don't know what to say when someone experiences a loss. I explain that often times the person experiencing the loss simply needs to talk. You don't need to say anything; just be there to listen and support the individual. However, most people are still uncomfortable with helping family members, friends, and colleagues cope with loss. This article provides information on understanding loss and tips to be in a better position to help yourself and others work through their own loss.

Credit Card Processing Options for your Non-profit
The non-profit can open a merchant account with a bank or a credit card company. The advantage of this account is that when a donor makes a payment through credit card, the money goes directly into the non-profit’s bank account. The advantage here is that when the donor receives the credit card statement, the name of the non-profit will be mentioned on it. This account helps to enhance the image of the non-profit.
How Do You Read Profit And Loss
How do you read profit and loss - Get valuable advice on how to go about reading the profit and loss statement here.
Loss Leader Marketing and Advertising: Business Owners Need to Keep an Open Mind
The concept of a loss leader is a fairly simple one. You advertise and sell a product at a loss in the calculated hope that a customer will purchase other items in addition to that one item for an eventual profit. This approach involves marketing strategy, which I find to be greatly missing in the in-home services industry.

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