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7.6 ILO Convention No. 142 and Recommendation No. 150
The International Labour Convention No.142 and Recommendation No. 150 concerning Human Resources Development, which deal with vocational guidance and vocational training in the development of human resources, are the key ILO policy statements on VET.

7.4 Characteristics of a pro-poor training system
Many of the key characteristics of market-driven VET reform strategies can and should be incorporated into the design of pro-poor training strategies. In particular, the state should perform a largely regulatory and facilitatory role while actual training provision should, wherever possible, be contracted out to independent training providers. The state must, therefore, take primary responsibility for the funding of such a strategy and, in consultation with the major stakeholders, take the lead in the overall design of the strategy with clear priorities and related resource allocations.
2.2.3 Training objectives: Contributory factors
Training policy objectives with respect to the poor are frequently poorly defined. Social exclusion is a complex theoretical concept referring to causal mechanisms producing poverty. Translating this concept into practical, poverty reduction policies has proved to be difficult in most countries (see Gore and Figueiredo, 1997).

3.10 Conclusions: Organizing to overcome poverty: Working Out of Poverty
The ILO portfolio of policy advice includes a range of interventions that act directly on the quantity and quality of jobs for the poor and the main expressions of social exclusion. The organizational base provided by trade unions and employers’ organizations is frequently at the core of action to bring together a variety of social institutions with government and public agencies in a common endeavour for sustainable community development.
3.9 Overcoming discrimination: Working Out of Poverty
All too often people living in poverty are not treated as equals by the rest of society.
3.6 Securing incomes: Working Out of Poverty
Societies at all levels of development face the challenge of organizing systems to provide security against contingencies such as sickness, accident, death of the main breadwinner, disability, old age, maternity and unemployment that make individuals, families and communities vulnerable to poverty. Through solidarity and fair burden sharing, social security systems contribute to human security, dignity, equity and social justice. They are also a foundation for political inclusion, empowerment and the development of democracy. Half of the world’s population is excluded from any type of social security protection, with the rate of coverage varying from almost 100 per cent in some industrialized countries to less than 10 per cent in the poorest developing countries.
3.5 Building local development through cooperatives: Working Out of Poverty
The participation of people living in poverty in policies to improve their livelihood and counteract social exclusion and vulnerability is increasingly emphasized in poverty reduction strategies.
3.0 Community action for decent work and social inclusion: Working Out of Poverty
Global and national strategies for poverty reduction should provide a framework for local strategies to escape cycles of low incomes from work and social exclusion. The ILO has considerable practical experience of community actions that create more and better jobs for women and men living in poverty and improve their chances of securing a life free from deprivation. Much of this work is in developing countries, but these approaches have also proved to be easily applicable in a number of transition and industrialized market economies.
2.9 Conclusions: Working Out of Poverty
For people living in poverty, discrimination and multiple deprivations cumulate to create a cycle of disadvantage. Recurring themes of the experience of poverty are the low returns to work of women and men in socially excluded communities and barriers to finding decent work opportunities.
1.10 Overcoming discrimination: Working Out of Poverty
Discrimination is a basis for social exclusion and poverty.
1.9 Building local development through cooperatives: Working Out of Poverty
Participation and inclusion are central to a new approach to poverty reduction.
1.3 Towards a fair globalization: Working Out of Poverty
In recent decades, governments and international institutions focused on opening international and domestic markets to increased competition. The powerful new force of information and communication technology (ICT) was released. Globalization, as it became known, was changing the policy landscape and distribution of power and gains.

Other social exclusion Related Articles

Social Graph - The Next Future Overused Phrase
Get ready to start hearing “Social Graph” as frequently as you hear “Web 2.0.” The construct of the Social Graph (and its friend – Social Network) has been around for a while. Now that Facebook has stolen our minds (and help us control our friends), we all are part of a social network. Or nine. Or 721 (that’s my best guess for the number of different services that have a social network that I’m a user of.)
1.2 From Copenhagen to the Millennium Declaration: Working Out of Poverty
In 1995, the Copenhagen Social Summit put the “people’s agenda” back into the forefront of international policy. By stressing the interlinked challenges of poverty, unemployment and social exclusion as central to a global social justice strategy, the Social Summit marked a turning point for the multilateral system. It reinforced the ILO mandate in the world of work and gave new impetus to the promotion of core labour standards.
1.10 Overcoming discrimination: Working Out of Poverty
Discrimination is a basis for social exclusion and poverty.
3.0 Community action for decent work and social inclusion: Working Out of Poverty
Global and national strategies for poverty reduction should provide a framework for local strategies to escape cycles of low incomes from work and social exclusion. The ILO has considerable practical experience of community actions that create more and better jobs for women and men living in poverty and improve their chances of securing a life free from deprivation. Much of this work is in developing countries, but these approaches have also proved to be easily applicable in a number of transition and industrialized market economies.
3.5 Building local development through cooperatives: Working Out of Poverty
The participation of people living in poverty in policies to improve their livelihood and counteract social exclusion and vulnerability is increasingly emphasized in poverty reduction strategies.
3.10 Conclusions: Organizing to overcome poverty: Working Out of Poverty
The ILO portfolio of policy advice includes a range of interventions that act directly on the quantity and quality of jobs for the poor and the main expressions of social exclusion. The organizational base provided by trade unions and employers’ organizations is frequently at the core of action to bring together a variety of social institutions with government and public agencies in a common endeavour for sustainable community development.
Assessing social performance cost-effectively
Many MFIs have an explicit social mission that goes beyond profitability such as reducing poverty and exclusion by providing good quality, reasonably priced and sustainable financial services to poor people who are normally excluded from regular banking systems. The link between microfinance services and poverty reduction, however, is far from simple. Positive impacts cannot be taken for granted.

2.2.3 Training objectives: Contributory factors
Training policy objectives with respect to the poor are frequently poorly defined. Social exclusion is a complex theoretical concept referring to causal mechanisms producing poverty. Translating this concept into practical, poverty reduction policies has proved to be difficult in most countries (see Gore and Figueiredo, 1997).

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