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References: Human Capital and Economic Development
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Overview VIII: Economic Report on Africa 2007
Evidence on the determinants and stages of diversification
3.0 The African Entrepreneur Personal Traits: Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Africa
More than twenty personal traits of entrepreneurs have been linked to entrepreneurial success in Africa (LeVine, 1966; Benedict, 1979; Frese, 2000), and elsewhere (Stewart, 1996). Debate continues as to whether psychological variables, socio-demographic factors or external factors are the best determinants of entrepreneurial behavior and performance (Frese, 2000; Buame, 1996).

Managing Credit Risk in Microlending Operations
One of the most important determinants of a successful microlending operation is the successful management of credit risk. Or, more simply, keeping loan delinquencies to an acceptable level.

4.2 Diversification regimes in Africa: Economic Report on Africa 2007
Analysing the various diversification indices and the structure of the top ten export commodities for selected countries over the last two decades and a half provides some useful insights which can be used to define diversification regimes that characterize Africa. Five diversification regimes can be identified from Africa’s experience (see Ben Hammouda et al. 2006b). These regimes should not be viewed as steps or as a continuum that a country must follow as it moves from a concentrated to a diversified economy. Rather, the regimes are a result of the policy actions that a country has set in place over a given period of time. The particular regime that a country falls into is likely to be the result of a mix among the various diversification determinants.

5.1 Macroeconomic stance is crucial to diversification outcomes: Economic Report on Africa 2007
An important aspect of the diversification debate and of Africa’s experience has to do with the role that macroeconomic policy plays. This has also been investigated at the continental level in the results that are presented in table A5.1. Two important indicators of macroeconomic stability, depending on the macroeconomic policy in operation, are inflation and real effective exchange rates and these are found to be among the most critical determinants of diversification outcomes in Africa.
5.1 The results vary by diversification regime: Economic Report on Africa 2007
At this point, it is worthwhile to recall the five diversification regimes: those countries with little diversification; countries that started but got stuck in the diversification process; those with deepened diversification; backsliders in diversification; and the conflict and post-conflict countries. This report suggests that belonging to a particular regime has more to do with policy and institutional factors at the country level. Consequently, there are different determinants when the discussion is brought to the country level (see table A5.2 for correlation results).
5.2 Diversification-deepening policies raise growth and TFP: Economic Report on Africa 2007
What then do these results imply? They mean that pursuing diversification-deepening policies could help accelerate growth. Important policy implications of this link arise with respect to the determinants of diversification that were discussed earlier in the chapter.
5.3 Conclusion: Economic Report on Africa 2007
This chapter has shown that there are clear and measurable determinants of diversification in Africa at the continental, subregional and country level. Despite the inadequacy of African data, it may be said that, at least at the continental level, the diversification process is highly influenced by investment, per capita income, level of openness, macroeconomic policy stances, governance, and conflict.
Increasing Microfinance’s Reach with Integrated Services
The destitute—individuals at the very bottom of the socioeconomic scale—are still outside the current scope of most microfinance institutions.
Empirical Evidence: Does Human Capital Matter?
Although the theoretical literature on FDI presumes human capital to be among the key ingredients of inward FDI (Dunning, 1988; Lucas, 1990; and Zhang and Markusen, 1999), there are only few cross-country analyses done to identify the determinants of inward FDI in developing countries.
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